Did you know that pretty much the only food that does not have preservatives in it is the food that you grow in your backyard garden? Preservatives are used to keep food fresh as it is traveling from the producer to the consumer. Humans obviously need food to survive, so learning how to keep food fresh, especially through the winter months, was something learned long ago.
I research 2 main areas of food preservation to help me make the best possible hypothesis.
#1 - How is food preserved today
#2 - Ancient methods of food preservation
#1 Today there are specific techniques and chemicals that are used to keep food fresh. The techniques include: boiling, freezing, refrigeration, pasteurizing, dehydration, pickling, nuclear radiation, and vacuum and hypobaric packing.
I found this handy chart that breaks down the basic chemicals used for preservation and why they are used.
Source - http://www.foodadditivesworld.com/preservatives.html
#2 Here is a list of several methods used to preserve food in ancient times.
Ages-old food preservation techniques include drying, smoking, cooling, freezing, fermenting, salting, pickling, and canning.
http://www.capzles.com/38e612df-c318-486e-9713-ece12f4a9960
Source - http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ex-Ga/Food-Preservation.html
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